78 research outputs found
Restoration or Invention? Archbishop Cisneros and the Mozarabic Rite in Toledo
As archbishop of Toledo from 1495 to 1517, Francisco XimĂ©nez de Cisneros carried out a multifaceted campaign of support for the Mozarabic rite, which had been preserved in the Middle Ages by Christians living in Toledo under Muslim rule. Although the Roman rite was introduced into the cathedral in 1086, the Toledan Mozarabs had continued to follow their ancient liturgy in their parishes. By the end of the Middle Ages, however, the rite was rarely celebrated. Fearing that it might become obsolete, in 1501 Cisneros endowed a chapel in his cathedral for the Mozarabic rite and established a clergy of thirteen chaplains to celebrate the Mass and Office regularly. Furthermore, he oversaw a committee that assisted a canon of the cathedral, Alfonso Ortiz, in preparing editions of the Mozarabic missal and breviary that were published in 1500 and 1502, respectively. Despite the contemporary descriptions of these actions as a restoration of a partly lapsed practice, the editions produced under Cisnerosâs patronage and the choirbooks he had created for the chapel were as much a reinvention of the rite as a renewal of it. The resulting rite, which is more accurately termed âneo-Mozarabic,â gradually became an important component of Spanish national identity, and in this sense can be considered an instance of the âinvention of traditionâ as described by Hobsbawm and Ranger.
This article focuses on the reception history of Cisnerosâs liturgical project in the early modern period, analyzing descriptions of the creation of the neo-Mozarabic rite. The earliest narrative sources are the prefaces to the editions of the Mozarabic missal and breviary, with their nearly identical colophons. Other sources used here include the early sixteenth-century account by Juan de Vallejo, the midcentury biography of Cisneros by GĂłmez de Castro, the early seventeenth-century biography by Eugenio de Robles, and other writings from the seventeenth and eighteenth century. What began as a philological project in the spirit of the humanist improvement of corrupted texts soon took on other associations. In 1509, a year after the use of the Mozarabic rite in the cathedral was approved by Pope Julius II, Cisneros led the conquest of Oran, which was part of a new crusade to North Africa to convert Muslims as an extension of the idea of Christian reconquest encouraged by the Catholic monarchs. It remains open to question whether the Cisneros ârestorationâ of the rite was inherently nationalist in inspiration, but it is certain that he commissioned a representation of the conquest of Oran for the ceiling decoration of the Mozarabic Chapel, and the juxtaposition was noted by every writer in the early modern period. By the eighteenth century, the medieval Mozarabic liturgy had become a national symbol. When the Archbishop of Mexico (and future archbishop of Toledo), Francisco Antonio Lorenzana (1722â1804), published an edition of Mozarabic mass for Saint James in Puebla (1770), he showed himself to be a true follower of Cisneros, who had effectively reinvented the rite and ensured its future status
Cluniac Spaces of Performance
As Dominique Iogna-Prat, Didier MĂ©hu, Barbara Rosenwein, and other historians have shown, Cluny played a central role in the shaping of sacred space in medieval Europe. The founder, William of Aquitaine, gave the abbey to Saints Peter and Paul and made it directly subject to Rome; the popes accorded it immunity and exemption. In 931 John XI declared Cluny free of the jurisdiction of secular authorities, and in 998 Gregory V made Cluny exempt from the control of the local bishop. In 1024 John ..
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Troubadour Song as Performance: A Context for Guiraut Riquierâs âPus sabers noâm val ni sensâ
The songs of the troubadours present the fundamental challenge of understanding
poetry as music. Although the Old Occitan lyric corpus was a sung
tradition from its origins in the twelfth century, we do not know exactly
how it sounded; the poetry and musical notation of troubadour song are
only skeletal vestiges awaiting completion by the imagination. Miniature
biographies of the troubadours known as vidas, which combine elements
of fact and fiction, describe some poets as performers who sang and played
instruments, while others apparently did not. Most manuscript sources of
troubadour song lack musical notation; the few chansonniers that do include
it provide the pitches and text underlay for one strophe of melody, with the
remaining strophes of text laid out in prose format.
The absence of music from so much of the written transmission of the
corpus can be attributed to factors such as predominantly oral transmission
of the melodies (resulting in their loss as the tradition waned) and the
circumstances of compilation, which favored the presentation of the songs
as poems. The repertory travelled in the thirteenth century to northern
France, Italy, the Iberian peninsula and beyond through the movement
of poets, singers, patrons, and not least, the formation of the manuscript
tradition. As Marisa Galvez notes, the very concept of a troubadour corpus
as an authorial tradition emerged from the chansonniers. The constitution
of poetic personae in these manuscripts stands in for the construction of
poetic agency and voice that would have occurred in performance (2012:
59â64). Many nonmusical, nonverbal components of performance that
are now irrecoverable were as much part of the song as the melody and
text, and were probably embedded in its early reception: the performersâ
appearance and gestures, their relationship to the audience, their present
or absent patrons
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The Devil Made Me Do It: Demonic Intervention in the Medieval Monastic Liturgy
The manifold appearances of demons and the Devil are central themes in the monastic literature of the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Just as a more general fascination with the diabolical infuses medieval visual culture with grotesque or startling images, a more specific instance of this preoccupation produced texts in which demonic interventions interfere and sometimes even intersect with the central activity of monastic life: the divine office. Appearances and interventions by demons are mentioned in a variety of sources including early monastic rules, the Five Books of the Histories by the eleventh-century monk Radulfus Glaber, Hildegard of Bingen's Ordo Virtutum and her letter to the Prelates of Mainz, Peter the Venerable's De miraculis, the Dialogue on Miracles by the Cistercian novicemaster Caesarius of Heisterbach, and the Cistercian Exordium Magnum, among other texts. The theme of demonic intervention underlines the theology of the liturgy that also shaped Cistercian anecdotes about the presence of angels who evaluated the quality of singing monks' devotion
Les coutumiers clunisiens
Le sĂ©minaire international qui sâest tenu les 7 et 8 juin 2002 au Centre dâĂ©tudes mĂ©diĂ©vales dâAuxerre et rĂ©unissait une bonne vingtaine de chercheurs de France, dâAllemagne, dâItalie, dâAngleterre, des Ătats-Unis et du Canada, portait sur les coutumiers clunisiens. Lâobjectif principal des discussions et prĂ©sentations de cette rencontre Ă©tait de mieux cerner lâemploi de ces textes tant par les moines dâautrefois que par les mĂ©diĂ©vistes dâaujourdâhui. Du fait de sa trĂšs grande richesse, ses ..
Formation and degradation of chaotic terrain in the Galaxias regions of Mars: implications for near-surface storage of ice
Galaxias Chaos is a region of low plateaus separated by narrow fractures â a chaotic terrain. Galaxias Mensae and Galaxias Colles are characterised by mesa and knobby terrains of individual landforms, or small assemblages, separated by plains. Galaxias Chaos has been attributed to ground disturbance due to sublimation in shallow subsurface ice-rich deposits, Galaxias Mensae and Galaxias Colles to sublimation and degradation of icy surface materials, without production of chaotic terrain. Liquid water has not been regarded as a product of the degradation of these icy terrains. This paper asks two research questions: (1) what was the total extent of the different modes of landscape degradation, especially chaotic terrain, involved in producing the present landscapes of Galaxias Chaos and Galaxias MensaeâColles; (2) can the generation of liquid water as a product of landscape degradation be ruled-out? Using a morphological-statistical approach, including power spectrum analysis of relief, our observations and analyses show that present mesa-knobby terrains of Galaxias MensaeâColles evolved from a landscape that had the same directional pattern and relief as presently found in Galaxias Chaos. This terrain extended across âŒ440,000 km2 but âŒ22,000 km3 (average thickness, 77âŻm) have been lost across âŒ285,000 km2. This represents a significant loss of ice-bearing deposits. Moreover, this surface degradation was spatially partitioned by landforms associated with elevated ground heating and the transmission of a fluid in the shallow subsurface towards a distal channel. In answer to research question 2, it cannot be determined definitively if the fluid involved was groundwater, generated by the thermal destabilisation of the icy deposits, or low viscosity lava. However, it is likely that the degradation of Galaxias MensaeâColles was not a consequence of sublimation alone. These findings underscore the significance of cryo-volcanic interactions in the cycling of water between the Martian surface and the atmosphere
VisibilitĂ© et prĂ©sence de lâimage dans lâespace ecclĂ©sial
Cet ouvrage met au cĆur de son propos une interrogation simple : dans lâorganisation complexe de lâespace de lâĂ©glise mĂ©diĂ©vale, les emplacements choisis pour les images qui ornent les murs et les objets nâoffrent pas toujours la possibilitĂ© de voir celles-ci, dâen dĂ©chiffrer le contenu. Certaines semblent rĂ©servĂ©es Ă des groupes de lâassemblĂ©e stationnant dans des espaces spĂ©cifiques, dâautres ne sont pas visibles depuis les principales zones affectĂ©es aux fidĂšles ou aux clercs, dâautres encore sont situĂ©es trop haut. Le rapport, a priori Ă©vident, entre reprĂ©sentation et visibilitĂ© se trouve donc souvent dĂ©menti, appelant alors une nouvelle notion, celle de prĂ©sence. Analyser la tension existant entre ces trois catĂ©gories â figuration, visibilitĂ© et prĂ©sence â implique une Ă©tude croisĂ©e des Ćuvres figurĂ©es, des monuments et des sources Ă©crites. Les notions de mobilitĂ© et de fixitĂ© permettent Ă©galement de prendre en compte les multiples jeux dâĂ©chelles Ă lâĆuvre dans ce lieu rituel quâest lâĂ©glise, impliquant des objets, des manuscrits, des dispositifs liturgiques, des gestes, des dĂ©placements physiques, dialoguant avec un dĂ©cor appliquĂ© au corps mĂȘme du monument, Ă©pousant lâimmobilitĂ© de lâarchitecture. Les cinq chapitres thĂ©matiques qui organisent ce volume mettent en regard diffĂ©rents cas issus de lâOccident mĂ©diĂ©val et de lâOrient byzantin, selon une chronologie longue (de lâAntiquitĂ© tardive Ă la fin du Moyen Ăge), dans une volontĂ© de dĂ©cloisonner les disciplines et les aires gĂ©ographiques afin de tirer tous les enseignements dâune approche transversale de lâimage mĂ©diĂ©vale
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